学习不变表示是在数据集中虚假相关驱动的机器学习模型时的重要要求。这些杂散相关性，在输入样本和目标标签之间，错误地指导了神经网络预测，导致某些组的性能差，尤其是少数群体。针对这些虚假相关性的强大培训需要每个样本的组成员资格。这种要求在少数群体或稀有群体的数据标签努力的情况下是显着费力的，或者包括数据集的个人选择隐藏敏感信息的情况。另一方面，存在这种数据收集的存在力度导致包含部分标记的组信息的数据集。最近的作品解决了完全无监督的场景，没有用于组的标签。因此，我们的目标是通过解决更现实的设置来填补文献中的缺失差距，这可以在培训期间利用部分可用的敏感或群体信息。首先，我们构造一个约束集并导出组分配所属的高概率绑定到该集合。其次，我们提出了一种从约束集中优化了优化最严格的组分配的算法。通过对图像和表格数据集的实验，我们显示少数集团的性能的改进，同时在跨组中保持整体汇总精度。

Efforts to improve the adversarial robustness of convolutional neural networks have primarily focused on developing more effective adversarial training methods. In contrast, little attention was devoted to analyzing the role of architectural elements (such as topology, depth, and width) on adversarial robustness. This paper seeks to bridge this gap and present a holistic study on the impact of architectural design on adversarial robustness. We focus on residual networks and consider architecture design at the block level, i.e., topology, kernel size, activation, and normalization, as well as at the network scaling level, i.e., depth and width of each block in the network. In both cases, we first derive insights through systematic ablative experiments. Then we design a robust residual block, dubbed RobustResBlock, and a compound scaling rule, dubbed RobustScaling, to distribute depth and width at the desired FLOP count. Finally, we combine RobustResBlock and RobustScaling and present a portfolio of adversarially robust residual networks, RobustResNets, spanning a broad spectrum of model capacities. Experimental validation across multiple datasets and adversarial attacks demonstrate that RobustResNets consistently outperform both the standard WRNs and other existing robust architectures, achieving state-of-the-art AutoAttack robust accuracy of 61.1% without additional data and 63.7% with 500K external data while being $2\times$ more compact in terms of parameters. Code is available at \url{ https://github.com/zhichao-lu/robust-residual-network}

The COVID-19 pandemic created a deluge of questionable and contradictory scientific claims about drug efficacy -- an "infodemic" with lasting consequences for science and society. In this work, we argue that NLP models can help domain experts distill and understand the literature in this complex, high-stakes area. Our task is to automatically identify contradictory claims about COVID-19 drug efficacy. We frame this as a natural language inference problem and offer a new NLI dataset created by domain experts. The NLI framing allows us to create curricula combining existing datasets and our own. The resulting models are useful investigative tools. We provide a case study of how these models help a domain expert summarize and assess evidence concerning remdisivir and hydroxychloroquine.

This volume contains revised versions of the papers selected for the third volume of the Online Handbook of Argumentation for AI (OHAAI). Previously, formal theories of argument and argument interaction have been proposed and studied, and this has led to the more recent study of computational models of argument. Argumentation, as a field within artificial intelligence (AI), is highly relevant for researchers interested in symbolic representations of knowledge and defeasible reasoning. The purpose of this handbook is to provide an open access and curated anthology for the argumentation research community. OHAAI is designed to serve as a research hub to keep track of the latest and upcoming PhD-driven research on the theory and application of argumentation in all areas related to AI.

Deep learning models operating in the complex domain are used due to their rich representation capacity. However, most of these models are either restricted to the first quadrant of the complex plane or project the complex-valued data into the real domain, causing a loss of information. This paper proposes that operating entirely in the complex domain increases the overall performance of complex-valued models. A novel, fully complex-valued learning scheme is proposed to train a Fully Complex-valued Convolutional Neural Network (FC-CNN) using a newly proposed complex-valued loss function and training strategy. Benchmarked on CIFAR-10, SVHN, and CIFAR-100, FC-CNN has a 4-10% gain compared to its real-valued counterpart, maintaining the model complexity. With fewer parameters, it achieves comparable performance to state-of-the-art complex-valued models on CIFAR-10 and SVHN. For the CIFAR-100 dataset, it achieves state-of-the-art performance with 25% fewer parameters. FC-CNN shows better training efficiency and much faster convergence than all the other models.

Building segmentation in high-resolution InSAR images is a challenging task that can be useful for large-scale surveillance. Although complex-valued deep learning networks perform better than their real-valued counterparts for complex-valued SAR data, phase information is not retained throughout the network, which causes a loss of information. This paper proposes a Fully Complex-valued, Fully Convolutional Multi-feature Fusion Network(FC2MFN) for building semantic segmentation on InSAR images using a novel, fully complex-valued learning scheme. The network learns multi-scale features, performs multi-feature fusion, and has a complex-valued output. For the particularity of complex-valued InSAR data, a new complex-valued pooling layer is proposed that compares complex numbers considering their magnitude and phase. This helps the network retain the phase information even through the pooling layer. Experimental results on the simulated InSAR dataset show that FC2MFN achieves better results compared to other state-of-the-art methods in terms of segmentation performance and model complexity.

Object detection and classification using aerial images is a challenging task as the information regarding targets are not abundant. Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) images can be used for Automatic Target Recognition(ATR) systems as it can operate in all-weather conditions and in low light settings. But, SAR images contain salt and pepper noise(speckle noise) that cause hindrance for the deep learning models to extract meaningful features. Using just aerial view Electro-optical(EO) images for ATR systems may also not result in high accuracy as these images are of low resolution and also do not provide ample information in extreme weather conditions. Therefore, information from multiple sensors can be used to enhance the performance of Automatic Target Recognition(ATR) systems. In this paper, we explore a methodology to use both EO and SAR sensor information to effectively improve the performance of the ATR systems by handling the shortcomings of each of the sensors. A novel Multi-Modal Domain Fusion(MDF) network is proposed to learn the domain invariant features from multi-modal data and use it to accurately classify the aerial view objects. The proposed MDF network achieves top-10 performance in the Track-1 with an accuracy of 25.3 % and top-5 performance in Track-2 with an accuracy of 34.26 % in the test phase on the PBVS MAVOC Challenge dataset [18].

Memes are powerful means for effective communication on social media. Their effortless amalgamation of viral visuals and compelling messages can have far-reaching implications with proper marketing. Previous research on memes has primarily focused on characterizing their affective spectrum and detecting whether the meme's message insinuates any intended harm, such as hate, offense, racism, etc. However, memes often use abstraction, which can be elusive. Here, we introduce a novel task - EXCLAIM, generating explanations for visual semantic role labeling in memes. To this end, we curate ExHVV, a novel dataset that offers natural language explanations of connotative roles for three types of entities - heroes, villains, and victims, encompassing 4,680 entities present in 3K memes. We also benchmark ExHVV with several strong unimodal and multimodal baselines. Moreover, we posit LUMEN, a novel multimodal, multi-task learning framework that endeavors to address EXCLAIM optimally by jointly learning to predict the correct semantic roles and correspondingly to generate suitable natural language explanations. LUMEN distinctly outperforms the best baseline across 18 standard natural language generation evaluation metrics. Our systematic evaluation and analyses demonstrate that characteristic multimodal cues required for adjudicating semantic roles are also helpful for generating suitable explanations.

The adversarial input generation problem has become central in establishing the robustness and trustworthiness of deep neural nets, especially when they are used in safety-critical application domains such as autonomous vehicles and precision medicine. This is also practically challenging for multiple reasons-scalability is a common issue owing to large-sized networks, and the generated adversarial inputs often lack important qualities such as naturalness and output-impartiality. We relate this problem to the task of patching neural nets, i.e. applying small changes in some of the network$'$s weights so that the modified net satisfies a given property. Intuitively, a patch can be used to produce an adversarial input because the effect of changing the weights can also be brought about by changing the inputs instead. This work presents a novel technique to patch neural networks and an innovative approach of using it to produce perturbations of inputs which are adversarial for the original net. We note that the proposed solution is significantly more effective than the prior state-of-the-art techniques.

Household environments are visually diverse. Embodied agents performing Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) in the wild must be able to handle this diversity, while also following arbitrary language instructions. Recently, Vision-Language models like CLIP have shown great performance on the task of zero-shot object recognition. In this work, we ask if these models are also capable of zero-shot language grounding. In particular, we utilize CLIP to tackle the novel problem of zero-shot VLN using natural language referring expressions that describe target objects, in contrast to past work that used simple language templates describing object classes. We examine CLIP's capability in making sequential navigational decisions without any dataset-specific finetuning, and study how it influences the path that an agent takes. Our results on the coarse-grained instruction following task of REVERIE demonstrate the navigational capability of CLIP, surpassing the supervised baseline in terms of both success rate (SR) and success weighted by path length (SPL). More importantly, we quantitatively show that our CLIP-based zero-shot approach generalizes better to show consistent performance across environments when compared to SOTA, fully supervised learning approaches when evaluated via Relative Change in Success (RCS).